Метеорологический Синтезирующий Центр - Восток (МСЦ-В)
МСЦ-В занимается выполнением оперативных и научных исследований по оценке уровней загрязнения воздуха тяжелыми металлами (ТМ) и стойкими органическими загрязнителями (СОЗ).
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Перспективные направления работ
Буклет "МСЦ-В - виды деятельности и результаты"
Ежегодный отчет ЕМЕП "Тяжелые металлы и СОЗ: Оценка загрязнения токсичными веществами в региональном и глобальном масштабах"
Сотрудничество с АНО ЭСЦ "Восток" по содействию российским предприятиям в:
- выполнении требований регламентов по безопасному обращению химических веществ
- реализации требований CBAM - Механизма Трансграничного Углеродного Регулирования (Углеродный след)
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В соответствии со своим мандатом MСЦ-В провел модельную оценку уровней загрязнения тяжелыми металлами и СОЗ на 2021 год. Были рассчитаны концентрации в воздухе, потоки выпадений и информация о трансграничном переносе Pb, Cd, Hg, ПАУ, ПХДД/Ф, ПХБ-153 и ГХБ. Результаты описаны в EMEP Status report и доступны в Базе данных МСЦ-В.
Было продолжено исследование Eurodelta-Carb моделей Б(a)П, начатое Целевой группой по мониторингу и моделированию (TFMM) в 2021 году в рамках более широкого научного исследования по моделированию вторичного органического аэрозоля и черного углерода. Основными задачами исследования Eurodelta-Carb по Б(a)П был анализ производительности моделей оценки качества воздуха и неопределенности их результатов. Читать далее...
MСЦ-В внёс вклад в работу Целевой группы по полушарному переносу загрязнения воздуха (TF HTAP), направленную на оценку загрязнения ртутью и СОЗ. В частности, Центр участвовал в совместных мероприятиях TF HTAP, направленных на многомодельную оценку и атрибуцию тенденций и будущих сценариев загрязнения ртутью, а также на оценку влияния лесных пожаров и сжигания биомассы на загрязнение окружающей среды различными загрязнителями. Читать далее...
Экспертами MСЦ-В был подготовлен информационный обзор о потенциально опасных химических веществах (ПХВ), таких как гексабромциклододекан (ГБХД), полихлорированные нафталины (ПХН) и пентахлорбензол (ПХБ). В обзор вошли нормативно-правовые акты, информация об их производстве, использовании и выбросах, а также результаты мониторинга и модельной оценки их переноса и судьбы в окружающей среде. Читать далее...
В соответствии с договором между MSC-E и Комиссией OSPAR проведен анализ секторов выбросов Pb, Cd и Hg в 2020 году в странах-участницах OSPAR. Кроме того, проведена модельная оценка атмосферных поступлений Pb, Cd и Hg в регионы OSPAR. Результаты анализа данных о выбросах и модельной оценки потоков выпадений на область OSPAR были представлены на гибридном совещании, организованном Комиссией OSPAR. Результаты этой работы были обобщены в техническом отчете [Ilyin et al., 2023].
В рамках долгосрочного сотрудничества между ЕМЕП и Хельсинкской комиссией (HELCOM) проводится ежегодная оценка нагрузки воздушного загрязнения тяжелыми металлами и СОЗ на Балтийское море. Читать далее...
MСЦ-В продолжил сотрудничество и обмен данными со Стокгольмской конвенцией по СОЗ. Сбор и уточнение национальных кадастров выбросов СОЗ в рамках Стокгольмской конвенции предоставляет дополнительную информацию для оценки выбросов стран ЕМЕП. Кроме того, национальные кадастры выбросов используются для обновления сценариев глобальных выбросов для моделирования в глобальном масштабе и оценки граничных условий региона ЕМЕП. Также, обновленные данные мониторинга концентраций СОЗ, собранные в хранилище данных Глобального плана мониторинга (GMP DWH), используются для анализа глобального переноса СОЗ.
Heavy metals differ significantly in their properties and ability to long-range atmospheric transport. In particular, mercury is well known as a global scale pollutant with distinct ability to intercontinental transport. On the other hand, such particle bound heavy metals as lead and cadmium are mostly transported regionally. Therefore, mercury has the first priority for modeling on a global scale and requires global emissions data. Nevertheless, in many cases modeling other heavy metals also requires emissions data covering territories wider than the region of the primary interest. For example, lead and cadmium pollution levels in the EMEP countries and, in particular, in the EECCA countries can be affected by emission sources located in neighboring non-EMEP countries of Northern Africa, Meddle East, Eastern and Southern Asia.
Although, there are detailed heavy metal anthropogenic emissions inventories developed for a number of regions (e.g. Europe, North America), global emission datasets are quite rare. Table contains characteristics of available global emission datasets and inventories for some heavy metals. Global spatially resolved data on mercury emission are available for a number of years (1990, 1995, 2000, 2005). The only gridded emission dataset for lead relates to 1990. The lead emissions inventory has been updated for mid-nineties but these data have no spatial distribution. Only aggregated emission estimates without spatial distribution of emission sources are available for cadmium and relate to mid-nineties.
Chemical | Period of time | Global emissions, t/y | Spatial resolution | Dataset location | Reference |
Mercury |
1990 | 2 144 | 1ºx1º | CGEIC | CGEIC website |
1995 | 2 317 | 0.5ºx0.5º |
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Pacyna et al., 2003 | |
2000 | 2 190 | 0.5ºx0.5º | Pacyna et al., 2006 | ||
2005 | 1930 | 0.5ºx0.5º | AMAP/UNEP, 2008 | ||
2010 | 1960 | 0.5ºx0.5º | AMAP/UNEP, 2013 | ||
Lead |
1989 | 167 889 - 206 435 | 1ºx1º | CGEIC | Pacyna et al., 1995 |
1995 | 119 259 | n/a | n/a | Pacyna and Pacyna, 2001 | |
Cadmium | 1995 | 2 983 | n/a | n/a | Pacyna and Pacyna, 2001 |
First global dataset of mercury anthropogenic emissions relates to 1990 and is available at website of the Canadian Global Emissions Interpretation Centre (CGEIC). It covers the globe with spatial resolution 1ºx1º and distinguishes emissions from point sources (power plants, smelters and other large sources with stack height and a sufficiently buoyant plume that the emissions are transported into the atmosphere above 100 m) and area sources (e.g. residential and commercial boilers, mobile sources etc.)
Later two newer global mercury emissions datasets were released for 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010. They are available at the website of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) and contain considerably more detailed information on mercury emissions. The datasets have spatial resolution 0.5ºx0.5º and include the following parameters:
The only global spatially resolved emissions inventory for lead relates to the year 1989 and is available at the CGEIC website. This dataset includes gridded information on lead emissions from point and area sources with spatial resolution 1º1º. Besides, it provides low and high estimates of the emission rates based on emission factors that were assumed to be the highest and the lowest values within the emission factor ranges for a given source category. The figure shows global distribution of anthropogenic emissions of lead in 1990 (kg/km2/y). According to this inventory the most significant emission sources were located in Europe, Southeastern Asia, Mexico and South Africa. Global emission estimates varied from 168 to 206 kt/y.
The global emissions inventory for lead has been updated by Pacyna and Pacyna (2001) for mid-nineties. Estimates of lead emissions from anthropogenic sources have been revised based on new information from national experts in combination with statistical data on the consumption of raw material, industrial goods production. However, the updated inventory did not include spatial distribution of emissions. According to the inventory combustion of gasoline continued to be the major source of atmospheric emissions of lead, contributing about 74% of global emission in 1995.
There is no spatially resolved global emission datasets available so far for cadmium and other heavy metals and metalloids (arsenic, chromium, copper, nickel, selenium and zinc). The most recent inventory for these metals includes total emission estimates for different continents and various source categories and relates to 1995 (Pacyna and Pacyna, 2001). The inventory contains estimates of heavy metal emissions from heat and power production, non-ferrous metal production, iron and steel industry, cement production and waste disposal. Emission of heavy metals from major anthropogenic source categories is presented in the Table. The estimates indicated that stationary fossil fuel combustion was the major source of chromium (69%), nickel (90%), and selenium (89%). Whereas non-ferrous metal production was the largest source of atmospheric emissions of cadmium (73%), arsenic (69%), copper (70%), and zinc (72%).
Source category | Cd | As | Cr | Cu | Ni | Se | Zn |
Stationary fossil fuel combustion | 691 | 809 | 10 145 | 7 081 | 86 110 | 4 101 | 9 417 |
Non-ferrous metal production | 2 171 | 3 457 | – | 18 071 | 8 878 | 466 | 40 872 |
Iron and steel production | 64 | 353 | 2 825 | 142 | 36 | 7 | 2 118 |
Cement production | 17 | 268 | 1 335 | - | 134 | 3 | 2 670 |
Waste disposal | 40 | 1 124 | 425 | 621 | 129 | 24 | 1 933 |
Total | 2 983 | 5 011 | 14 730 | 25 915 | 95 287 | 4601 | 57 010 |
Asia was the largest contributor to global heavy metal emissions made up 40-60% of total value. Contributions of other continents vary for different metals. Europe contributed 23% of global emissions of chromium and 21% of nickel; North America made up 24% of selenium and 22% of chromium emissions; South America was responsible for 21% of global copper emissions. The lowest contributions were made by Australia.
A number of inventories of the global production, usage and emission for selected POPs were developed recently. The information on available inventories including the estimates of POP usage, production and emissions is presented in the table. Some of the inventories contain the data on total emissions for particular countries, their temporal variations, and gridded emission data. In particular, PCB emission inventory presents a full set of information on spatial variations of emissions on global scale and their temporal variations with annual resolution in period 1930-2100. Gridded emissions data are also available for a-HCH and y-HCH for 1980, 1990, and 2000. For other POPs the estimates of total emissions of particular countries are available. Nevertheless this information can also be used for modeling purposes. Below a description of available POP emission inventories is presented.
Chemical | Use | Period of time | Global use/ production, kt | Global emissions, kt | Reference |
PCDD/Fs (as kg TEQ) |
By-products | 1990 | 50 | Brzuzy and Hites, 1996 | |
1995 | 10.5 8.3 - 36 |
UNEP, 1999 | |||
HCB | Pesticide By-product |
Mid 1990 | 0.023 0.012 - 0.092 |
Bailey, 2001 | |
PCBs |
Various | 1930-2000 and up to 2100 |
1320 | 7.71 0.44 - 91.7 |
Breivik et al., 2002a Breivik et al., 2002b Breivik et al., 2007 |
PAHs | By-products | 2004 | 520 | Zhang and Tao, 2008 |
For the evaluation of global scale transport and boundary conditions, required for regional EMEP modelling, expert estimates of global PAH emissions, produced by the research group of Peking University [Shen et al., 2013], were applied. Global PAH emission inventories with 0.1°x0.1° spatial resolution were developed using a bottom-up approach for the period from 1960 to 2014. Distribution of global emission fluxes of the sum of 4 PAHs and B(a)P is presented in Figure.
A global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners (22 PCB congeners) was prepared by Breivik et al. (2002a). The available data of the historical production of PCBs and the chemical composition of various technical mixtures have been compiled from the literature. Information of imports, exports and consumption, as well as restrictions on production and import has further been analyzed for individual countries. The estimates account for a reported historical global usage of approximately 1300 kt of PCBs. The results suggest that almost 97% of the global historical use of PCBs have occurred in the Northern Hemisphere (Breivik et al., 2002a).
In the second part of this study, an attempt has been made to estimate the historical anthropogenic emissions as a direct result of the widespread usage of PCBs for a period of 70 years. The historical emission of 22 PCB congeners is estimated to be between 440 and 91722 t, with 7709 as the average value (Breivik et al., 2002b). In accordance with this three emission scenario were developed, in particular, low emission, average emission, and high emission scenario. In spite of the major uncertainties, the study is considered as a first important step towards the establishment of a global PCB emission inventory with congener resolution. The importance of temperature as a key parameter in controlling and affecting both the absolute value of PCB emissions as well as the PCB emission profile is emphasized.
The third part of this study presents an update of preceding PCB emission database. This work takes into account updated information on PCB production, as well as new data on the chemical composition of various technical mixtures for which less information had been available earlier. The methodology to estimate temporal trends of PCB usage is improved. The authors have also included projected emissions up to year 2100, which can facilitate predictions of future environmental exposure. The national emission data for each of the 114 countries considered is spatially resolved on a 1º1º grid for each congener and year, using population density as a surrogate (Breivik et al., 2007), as indicated for PCB-153 for 2000 (kg/cell/y).
HCB had been actively used in industry and for agricultural purposes. HCB was first introduced in 1933 as a fungicide on the seeds of onions, sorghum and crops such as wheat, barley, oats and rye. It is believed that agricultural use of HCB dominated its emissions during the 1950s and 1960s. The peak of HCB production was the late 1970s and early 1980s worldwide. Production of HCB declined as a result of restrictions on its use. The banning of HCB for agricultural use in the 1970s removed the largest single primary source of HCB in the environment (Barber et al., 2005). Although HCB production has ceased in most countries, it is still being generated inadvertently as a by-product and/or impurity in several chemical processes, such as the manufacture of chlorinated solvents, chlorinated aromatics and pesticides (Jacoff et al., 1986). HCB can be also released to the environment by incomplete combustion and from old dumpsites.
Global emission estimate for HCB was presented in (Bailey, 2001). This study presents the information from a variety of sources of HCB emissions and gives a quantitative estimate of the global HCB emissions in the mid 1990s. The best estimates of global HCB emissions from different categories of sources are as follows: pesticides application - 6500 kg/y; manufacturing - 9500 kg/y; combustion – 7000 kg/y, including 500 kg from biomass burning. This adds up to total current HCB emissions of approximately 23,000 kg/y with an estimated range 12,000-92,000 kg/y (Bailey, 2001). The author suggests that a substantial portion of HCB measured in the atmosphere is thought to come from volatilization of y-HCB on the soil from past contamination along with unidentified sources. Globally, the magnitude of these secondary emissions is currently not known, but this is a potentially very important aspect of the current global HCB cycle (Barber et al., 2005).
To describe contemporary levels of HCB pollution experimental scenario of recent and historical global HCB emissions for the period from 1945 to 2013 was developed [Shatalov et al., 2010]. Following available information the application of HCB, largely in agricultural activities as a fungicide, was started from 1945 and reached its maximum in 1980-s. Starting from that period the agricultural use of HCB was banned in many countries world-wide resulting in considerable decrease of primary emission of HCB and the increase of relative importance of HCB re-volatilization. According to constructed scenario emissions of HCB decreased from its maximum in 1978 to 2013 by more than 400 times.
The largest HCB emission fluxes took place in Southern and Eastern Asia. Releases of HCB to the atmosphere in the EMEP region were relatively lower.
PCDD/Fs enter the environment as by-products of industrial processes. The most significant type of sources of PCDD/F emission to the atmosphere is low-temperature, incomplete incineration of chlorine-containing materials such as plastics. Other major sources include thermal processes, such as motor vehicle fuel combustion in countries where leaded fuel containing chlorine scavengers is still used, and metallurgical industries. PCDD/Fs are also trace contaminants in chlorophenoxy herbicides, PCB formulations, and chlorophenol wood preservatives (AMAP, 2004). Rough estimates of the global emissions of PCDD/Fs are available from Brzuzy and Hites (1996). The authors calculated annual global emission to approximately 50 kg TEQ for 1990. They based on assumptions that the global PCDD/F emissions from different categories of sources are as follows: waste incineration - 20 kg TEQ/y; cement kilns - 17 kg TEQ/y; manufacturing - 7 kg TEQ/y, and combustion - 6 kg TEQ/y.
In addition, an overview of available emission inventories for PCDD/Fs on global level can be found in (UNEP, 1999). This report includes estimates of PCDD/F emissions for Western Europe, Northern America (Canada and the United States). For Asian region there is only one inventory for Japan, which covers a few source categories, and the estimates for emissions from waste incinerators from South Korea. From the southern hemisphere, only Australia has estimated annual emissions. Japan and the United States were considered the largest emission sources of PCDD/Fs (4 kg TEQ/y and 2.7 kg TEQ/y, respectively). The average estimate of annual “global” PCDD/F emission is amounted to approximately 10.5 kg TEQ for 1995. The lower estimate is about 8.3 kg TEQ/y and the upper estimate is approximately 36 kg TEQ/y. The waste incineration is still the major emitter of dioxins and furans to the atmosphere with contribution to the total emission reaching almost 70 %. The majority of PCDD/PCDF emissions from this sector are due to the municipal (and to a lesser extent to the hazardous) waste incinerators located in Japan. This source sector alone is responsible for almost 34 % of the total PCDD/PCDF inventory to air from identified sources so far (UNEP, 1999).
To evaluate global transport and fate of PCDD/Fs experimental emission scenario was constructed on the basis of the information on dioxins and furans releases compiled under UNEP SC. National inventories of annual PCDD/F emissions were available for 68 countries representing the level of emissions during the recent decade (Fiedler, 2007; Fiedler et al., 2012; UNEP, 2013). Compiled inventories covered main modes of entry of emissions to the environment (the atmosphere, land, water, residues, and products), among which major releases were indicated to the atmosphere (45%). Analysis of this information, performed by Cao et al. (2013) permitted to reveal correlation between the intensity of PCDD/F emissions in the countries and their economic status. Obtained regression relationship between the national PCDD/F emissions and the data on GDP and total population of the countries was applied to estimate emissions for the other countries, for which the information on emissions was not available. Thus based on this information amount of PCDD/Fs released to the environment annually was estimated to about 80 kg TEQ. Spatial distribution of PCDD/F emissions was generated using the population density as a surrogate.
AMAP, 2004 AMAP Assessment 2002: Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic. Arctic monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway. xvi+310 pp.
AMAP/UNEP [2013] Technical Background Report for the Global Mercury Assessment 2013. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo, Norway / UNEP Chemicals Branch, Geneva, Switzerland. vi + 263 pp. (http://www.amap.no/documents/download/1265).
AMAP/UNEP [2008] Technical background report to the global atmospheric mercury assessment. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme / UNEP Chemicals Branch. 159 pp. (http://www.chem.unep.ch/mercury/).
Bailey R.E., 2001 Global hexachlorobenzene emissions. Chemosphere 43, pp.82-167.
Barber J.L., Sweetman A.J., Wijk D. and K.C.Jones 2005 Hexachlorobenzene in the global environment: Emissions, levels, distribution, trends and processes. Sci, Total Environ., 349, pp.1-44.
Breivik K., Sweetman A., Pacyna J.M. and K.C.Jones, 2002a Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners - a mass balance approach. 1. Global production and consumption. Sci.Total Environ., 290, pp.181-198.
Breivik K., Sweetman A., Pacyna J.M. and K.C.Jones, 2002b Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners - a mass balance approach. 1. Emissions. Sci.Total Environ., 290, pp.199-224.
Breivik K., Sweetman A., Pacyna J.M. and K.C.Jones, 2007 Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners - a mass balance approach. 3. An update. Sci.Total Environ., 377, pp.296-307.
Brzuzy L.P. and R.A. Hites, 1996 Global Mass Balance for Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, pp.1791-1804.
Cao Z., H. Fiedler, B. Wang, T. Zhang, G. Yu, J. Huang, S. Deng [2013] Economic status as a determinant of national PCDD/PCDF releases and implications for PCDD/PCDF reduction, Chemosphere 91, 328-335.
Fiedler H. [2007] National PCDD/PCDF release inventories under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, Chemosphere 67, S96–S108.
Fiedler H., Cao Z., Huang J., Wang B., Deng S., and Yu G. [2012] PCDD/PCDF inventories 1990 vs. 2012. Organohalogen Compounds, 74, 1521-1524.
IHPA, 2006 The legacy of lindane HCH isomer production. Annexes. A global overview of residue management, formulation and disposal by John Vijgen. http://www.ihpa.info/library_access.php.
Jacoff F.S., Scarberry R. and D.Rosa 1986 Source assessment of hexachlorobenzene from the organic chemical manufacturing industry. In: Morris C.R., Cabral
Pacyna J. M., Scholtz M. T. and Y.-F. Li (1995) Global Budgets of Trace Metal Sources, Environmental Reviews, 3, 145-159.
Pacyna, J.M. and Pacyna, E.G. (2001): An assessment of global and regional emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources worldwide. Environmental Reviews, 9: 269-298.
Pacyna J, Pacyna E, Steenhuisen F, Wilson S. (2003) Mapping 1995 global anthropogenic emissions of mercury. Atmos. Environ. 37(S1), S109-S117.
Pacyna E. G., Pacyna J. M., Steenhuisen F. and Wilson S. (2006) Global anthropogenic mercury emission inventory for 2000. Atmos. Environ. 40(22), 4048-4063
Sang S., Petrovic S. and V.Cuddeford, 1999 Lindane A Review of Toxicity and Environmental Fate, prepared by World Wildlife Fund Canada.
UNEP, 1999 Dioxin and Furan Inventories. National and Regional Emissions of PCDD/PCDF. Prepared by UNEP Chemicals. Geneva, Switzerland.
UNEP [2013] Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Releases of Dioxins, Furans and Other Unintentional POPs.
Zhang Y. and S.Tao, 2008 Global atmospheric emission inventory of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) for 2004. Atmos. Environ.
The Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS) is a five year project, funded by the European Commission 7th Framework Programme (DG Research). More than twenty institutions from Europe, North and South Americas, Asia and Africa take part in the project as well as ten external advisors. The project was launched in the fall of 2010 and is aimed at:
General structure of the GMOS project
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GMOS will closely cooperate with major international programs including the UNEP Global Partnership Area on Atmospheric Mercury Transport and Fate Research (UNEP F&T), the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollutants (TF HTAP) of the LRTAP Convention, the GEO Task HE-09-02d "Global Monitoring Plan for Atmospheric Mercury" and the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP).
MSC-E as a leader of one of the project work packages (WP7) co-ordinates the modelling activities on a global scale as well as takes part in the regional scale model assessment (WP8). The modelling consortium of the project consists of five global/hemispheric models and three regional scale models from different scientific groups of Europe and North America. The program of model development and application includes a variety of tasks:
In 2008 MSC-E took part in the EU HEIMTSA project under the 6th Framework Programme of the European Commission (EC). The project aims to support the Environment and Health Action Plan (EHAP) by extending health impact assessment (HIA) and cost benefit analysis (CBA) methods and tools so that environment and health impacts of policy scenarios in key sectors can be evaluated reliably at the European level. The role of MSC-E in the project was to assess by means of its chemical transport models the atmospheric dispersion of selected heavy metals and POPs and their concentration in different environmental media.
MSC-E in 2005 participated in the EU ESPREME project under the 6th Framework Programme of the European Commission (EC). The project aims to develop methods and tools to support European environmental policy making in the specific case of reducing the harmful impacts of heavy metals in a harmonised way across Europe. The role of MSC-E in the project was to assess by means of its chemical transport models the atmospheric dispersion of selected heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cd, As, Ni and Cr) and their deposition to water and soil.
Версия модели GLEMOS с открытым исходным кодом теперь доступна на
платформе GitHub
8 совместное заседание Рабочей группы по воздействиям и Руководящего органа ЕМЕП, сентябрь 2022 г.
Оценка загрязнения СОЗ в национальном, региональном и глобальном масштабах с акцентом на ПАУ
Оценка загрязнения тяжелыми металлами в рамках ЕМЕП: прогресс и планы
Целевая группа по измерениям и моделированию, май 2022 г.
Оценка загрязнения ПАУ/Б(а)П в глобальном, региональном и национальном масштабах
Новые разработки в области оценки загрязнения тяжелыми металлами и СОЗ
Бюро Руководящего Органа ЕМЕП и Рабочей группы по воздействиям, март 2022
Heavy metal and POP pollution assessment: Progress in 2022-2023 work plan
35-е совещание Целевой Группы МСП-Растительность, февраль 2022 г.
Новые загрязняющие вещества
Некоторые токсичные загрязнители рассматриваются как потенциальные кандидаты для будущей оценки, но для них характерны ограниченные данные и знания об их выбросах, переносе и поведении в окружающей среде (Стратегия для научных органов Конвенции). Они включают:
"Обзор информации о производстве, выбросах, измеренных концентрациях и исследованиях по моделированию для отдельных СЕС собран в рамках совместного проекта ЕМЕП/ХЕЛКОМ (Совместный отчет центров ЕМЕП для ХЕЛКОМ, 2022 г.)
EEA Report 2023 |
MSC-E Technical Report 2/2021 Деятельность МСЦ-В (Case study on Spain, France, Poland) |
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Деятельность стран (Италия, Испания, Польша, Литва, Венгрия, Великобритания) | |
Регламент REACH Полиароматические углеводороды |